Kyden Xantara - WHAP Chapters 23-24

"Hello. This is actually the first time that shrimpeh has ever attempted to roleplay with me, in character chat, or outside of it. So we are discussing Chapters 23 and 24 of the World Civilizations: The Global Experience [fifth edition]. Therefore, we're discussing:

This review will start right about now, using shrimpeh's classwork notes, and then possibly his homework notes if there is enough time afterward."

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Early Modern Period

[/b] - absolute monarch rose, they were ruled by an aristocracy

Religious - The Catholic countries gave the Church a lot of power. They owned a lot of land, which was tax free. People tithed, (gave 10% of their income to) the church sometimes as well.

Intellectual - There was no free speech or freedom of the press whatsoever

Military - There was a warrior aristocracy; professional armies and navies were led by nobles

Economic - mercantilism rose due to the commercial revolution. The columbian exchange and the agricultural revolution caused a population explosion

Social - Due to said population explosion, there were landless peasants (day laborers/tramps)[/ul]
Enlightenment Period, which Causes Revelations and Changes from this View on Life; Starts Revolutions[/size]

[/b] - John Locke's belief in "natural rights" (life, liberty, property)

Religious - Segregation of Church and State, Deism

Intellectual - Freedom of Speech, press, religion

Economic - Mercantilism. Adam Smith promoted lassiez faire capitalism. The rural proletariat increased (working class), causing the increase of tramps. The bourgeoisie (middle class, merchants) also increased[/ul]
The Revolutions Themselves: What sparked them?

[/b]

Discontent - The estate system:

1st estate - clergy (1%)
2nd estate - Nobles (2%)
3rd estate - everybody else (97%, bourgeoise was 8%)

*The bourgeoise had economic status, but no political power whatsoever

Crisis - The price of bread inflated so that workers cold no longer afford it; King Louis XVI bankrupted the economy

Incompetent Government - Louis XVI ruled as an absolute monarch; no checks and balances. Eventually, he called the estates to vote on what to change, but since they voted by block, nothing changed.

EX:

- Lulu and Aya are block 1.
- Wolf Tears and Saph are block 2.
- Luna, Thundy, Cameron, Matt, Tori, Dee, Cinder, Shrimp, Phunke and Ree are block 3.

Aya and Luu have called you all to a conference to discuss the arena for the next games. There are two options - a desert and a no-gravity arena. (note: I'm making these up, please do not think that I am telling you future arenas, because I cannot access the staff board). So Lulu, Aya, WT and Saph vote for the desert, while all of Block 3 votes for the anti-gravity thing.

Instead of counting by the amount of people, the vote was counted by block. Blocks 1 and 2 vote for desert, Block 3 votes for Anti-Gravity.

Therefore, the arena will be desert because 2 blocks > 1 block

[/ul]
Comparing Revolutions Goals: The Declaration of Independence (american) Versus The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen (french)

Phases of The French Revolution

[/b]
- Declaration of Rights written
- Constitution of 1791

- limited monarchy
- everyone pays taxes
- men w/property vote
- aristocracy lost power
- bourgeoisie gained power

PHASE 2
- Robespierre creates a republic; all men have the right to vote (helped proletariat)
- comittee of public safety
- REIGN OF TERROR (the king and queen were killed, as well as many others who may or may not have been loyal to the revolution)[/ul]
A Leader of the French Revolution - Napoleon

The Industrial Revolutions, as well as how Conservatives restored Order

[/b] - after the Congress of Vienna:

1) Revolutions occurred int he 1830s (Greece became independent from the Ottoman Empire)
2) Revolutions in 1848 were failures - France and German states -> Conservatism won
3) Unification movements began

-Italy became conservative. Count Cavour (a conservative) led movement
- Germany was originally 38 states and 2 countries (Prussia and Austria). Conservative Otto Von Bismark achieved unity to create on county - Germany

The Early Industrial Revolution (before 1850)

- poor living conditions (tenements)
- unsanitary conditions (spread of cholera)
- little job security (you can lose it at any moment, low pay, long hours)
- only a small % of people could vote
- child labor (1/3 of men's wages)

Later Industrial Revolution (after 1850)

- conditions improved
- gave more people the right to vote: universal manhood suffrage

- better working conditions, factory inspections, regulatoins
- compulsory education until the age of 12
- welfare states - unemployment and insurance (old age - pension)
♀ were still waiting for rights

- Suffrage movement
- There were radicals like Pankhurst

[/ul]
Creation of Communism

[/b]
- founder of communism
- predicted an inevitable revolution by the Proletariat to overthrow the bourgeoisie. After said revolution, there would be:

- no social classes
- no private property
- dictatorship of Proletariate would set up a new society, and then would wither away

- form of socialism[/ul]
Comparing Socialism to Capitalism

[/b]
GOAL: More social equality
- appeals to workers
- the government improves economic conditions
- security, equality and fairness are valued

Capitalism
GOAL: profit
- appeals to wealthy
- individual responsibility to improve economy
- values freedom, competition, choice
- social inequality[/ul]
Why a Communist Revolution Did no Occur
DISCONTENT + HOPE + CRISIS + INCOMPETENT GOV'T = REVOLUTION

Discontent - workers being exploited
Hope - higher wages, better conditions, socialism or capitalism
Crisis/b] - overpopulation leads to disease, dangerous factory conditions and mining conditions
Incompetent Government - Laissez Faire attitude - FIXED

The government became competent (late 1800s)
- better sanitation
- wages increase, hours decrease
- child labor eliminated

People's standard of living actually increases
- mass leisure
- mass consumerism
- increase in middle class (white collar workers)
- middle class standards predominated
- expanded suffrage

[/color]

Motives for Imperialism

[/blockquote]
- nationalism

- competition for land and by european powers

-settler colonies - British people settle din large numbers in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand (Maoris resisted at first)

- Parliment
- Laws

- Still considered a part of the British empire
- strong links to western europe - replicated a lot of institutions of europe[/ul]
Comparison of Two Colonies - Java (Dutch) and India (britain)
Dutch in Java
- monopoly over spice trade
- respond to local threads and opportunities, not so much rivalry with another nation

British India
- motivated by their rivalry with the french
- hired sepoys (indian troops paid to protect britidshe east india company)
- increasing ethnocentric
- outlawed sati

Both
- Land empires
- east india trading companies - profit was goal first, not empire building
- "Men on the spot" become involved in local politics - "puppet regimes"
- social systems lft alone
- adapt to climate and culture
- preserved old ruling classes
- ruled indirectly[/ul]
"New Imperialism" (1870-1914)

[/b]

P - competition for colonies - more colonies = more power
R - Missionary activity to spread Christianity
I - white Man's Burden -Europeans made the excuse that they had a duty to civilize non-europeans
M - superior firepower
E - raw materials and markets
S - social darwinism - racism (white supremacy)

Effects
- africans were not invited - "artificial boundaries" created by europeans

- Cut through traditional ethnic/tribal boundaries
conflict between diffrent ethnicities (africa)

- Agree to effectively occupy africa

- had to set up official colonial administration in the area they claimed

[/ul]
Pros and Cons of Imperialism

Types of Colonies

[/blockquote]
- Tropical Dependencies
- vast majority natives, minority european settlers (Java, India, africa, Europeans control through princes, local rulers)[/ul]

Change from Land Empires to Colonies/New IMperialism (1870 - 1914)

[/b]
- trading enclaves on coasts
- trading companies seek profit
- mixed marriages accepted until 1700s
- europeans took what was there
- not interested in speading christiantiy - respected local traditions

Catalysts
- Industrial Revolution (natural resources, surplus of manufactured goods)
- Nationalism
- Social Darwinism

Colonies/New Imperialism (1870 - 1914)
- interiors settled
- creation of empires for more than profit - change PRIMES
- demanded cash crops to be produced
- social exclusivism - laws preventiing mixed marriages - only use african/local women as servants
- began missionary activity - became common
- "divide and conquer" tactics - exploited ethnic and religious differences[/ul]
Quick!History of South Africa - Settlement
- 1600s - Dutch settle in Cape town - Boers = Dutch Farmers
- 1800s - British arrive in Cape Town, push Boers into interior, mixed with Natives
- late 1800s - Boer Wars - British win
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